Page 69 - Ebook Penelitian Pendidikan

Henry Towne "The engineer as economist" 1886
Scientific Management era
3. Taylor's Work (1895 - 1915)
(1895 - 1920)
Henry Fayol (1915)
Period of solidification (1920 - Founding
4.
1930's) Managerial scients (1920's)
Howthorne study, led by Elton Mayo (1924 -
1932)
5. Human Relation Movement
Mary Parker Follet (1920 - 1933)
Chester Barnard (1938)
Starr's translation of royal work (1949)
Ralph Davis, Top management Planning (1951)
Management Process Period
6. George Terry, Principle Management (1953)
(1950' s - 1960' s)
Koontz and O'Donnell, Principle Management
(1955)
Management theory jungle Proses approach; quantitative approach; Behavior
7.
(1960's) approach
System Approach (1960's - Integrating the various approach to study of
8.
1970's management
Combines certain characteristic of traditional
9. Theory Z (1980's)
Japanese and American approach
Attempt to lea management lesson from a group
10. Search for excellence (1980's)
U.S 1961 - 1980.
International Movement Increase of international global market and of
II.
(1980' s - 1990' s) managerial approaches
Extremely fluid organization multdiscipilinary %
12. International movement into 2 110
multi skilled teams
Mengapa KKN tidak bisa diberantas di era reformasi saat ini, dapat
dijelaskan melalui teori yang berfungsi menjelaskan. Setelah KKN tidak bisa
diberantas, maka bagaimana akibatnya terhadap perekonomian nasional,
dijawab dengan teori yang berfungsi prediksi. Supaya KKN tidak terjadi lagi
di Indonesia apa yang perlu dilakukan, dijawab dengan teori yang berfungsi
pengendalian (fungsi kontrol).

B. Tingkatan dan Fokus Teori
Numan (2003) mengemukakan tingkatan teori (level of theory) menjadi tiga
yaitu, micro, meso, dan macro. Micro level theory: small slices of time,
space, or a number of people. The concept are usually not very abstract.
Meso-level theory: attempts to link macro and micro levels or to operate at
an intermediate level. Contoh teori organisasi dan gerakan sosial, atau
komunitas tertentu. Macro level theory: concerns the operation of larger
aggregates such as social institutions, entire culture systems, and whole
societies. It uses more concepts that are abstract
Selanjutnya fokus teori dibedakan menjadi tiga yaitu teori subtantif,
teori formal, dan midle range theory. Subtantive theory is developed for a
specific area of social concern, such as deliquent gangs, strikes, diforce, or

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